Protecting Solar: Global Supply Chains and Business Power

Governments invested substantially in renewable energy industries in responding to climate change, while seeking to promote economic growth. They also engaged in a series of major trade disputes, notably in the solar photovoltaic and wind sectors. The European Union (EU)–China solar dispute is one of the largest such cases. In 2013, the European Commission (EC) announced duties on imports of solar products from Chinese manufacturers. This decision was at odds with the fact that the majority of the European solar industry opposed tariffs. We propose that the decision was affected by a shift in negotiating power between business and the EC. We suggest that the rise of global supply chains undermined the structural power of industry by dividing manufacturers over trade policy and by fragmenting the information conveyed to policy-makers. This provided an opportunity to the Commission to engage in ‘interest shopping’ by selecting an industry position that matched its own interest. Evidence from a comparative case study on EU and German responses to solar imports supports our argument. The findings suggest that the globalisation of production can strengthen the negotiating power of policy-makers, and implies that policy-makers face new trade-offs at the intersection of manufacturing and climate policy.     

功率约束下的星地协作网络中断概率分析

针对星地协作网络，考虑中继节点转发卫星节点信号时会受发射功率和干扰功率约束，提出了一种基于中继节点与目的节点间链路最大信噪比准则来选择中继节点的放大转发部分中继选择策略。在卫星链路遭受阴影莱斯衰落和地面链路遭受瑞利衰落情况下，推导出系统中断概率下界的闭合表达式。仿真结果表明了理论分析的正确性，并展示了不同阴影莱斯信道参数、不同中继数目、不同功率约束对中断概率的影响。     

Estimation and validation of hybrid choice models to identify the role of perception in the choice to cycle

Cycling is one of the most sustainable and ecofriendly modes of travel and a good form of exercise. Many government and public health authorities recommend cycling to stay fit as well as to reduce air and noise pollution, CO₂ emissions, traffic congestion, and other negative consequences of car use. In light of these benefits, a major challenge for researchers today is how to promote cycling. However, in countries where cycling is not common, apart from the need for proper cycling facilities, one major issue concerns people’s perception of cycling for sport or recreational activities rather than as a mode of transport. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of perception in the likelihood of the bike being used for utilitarian purposes. We focus on the perception of: the bicycle as a means of transport; bikeability (in terms of usefulness and safety) and of bike infrastructure. Hybrid Choice Models (HCMs) have been used to estimate the effect of people’s perception on the propensity to bike. The HCM also accounts for the serial correlation between error terms in the discrete and latent perceptions, to allow for agent-common unknown factors. Furthermore, we also validate the model results using a hold-out sample and discuss some policy measures aimed at changing travel behavior. The results suggest that, besides individual characteristics, latent aspects related to the perception of the context and of the bicycle as a means of transport strongly affect the propensity to cycle.     

Exploring combined tourist offerings: the case of sightrunning

This study provides preliminary empirical insight into the contemporary tourist phenomenon of sightrunning. This combined offering simultaneously concurs with and evades theoretical perspectives of hybrid tourists, sport tourism, cultural tourism and urban tourism, favouring examination of such phenomena through first-hand experiences of the participants. For the purpose of the empirical study, automated content analysis was applied in order to analyse 858 reviews of sightrunning tours extracted from Tripadvisor web pages. Results reveal that running is the dominant concept, which refers to a gratifying ‘way to see and experience the city’ (rather than the sights). Additional concepts and themes, such as knowledgeable guides and proper pace, further mediate and effect participant experiences. Findings suggest that sport tourists might be concurrently interested in involving cultural experiences, and this offers some preliminary theoretical and managerial implications. They namely identify the potentially neglected tourist segment, which is of relevance for conceptualization, research and management of tourist offerings and experiences from (and beyond) the perspective of ‘running shoes’.     

风光互补发电系统控制技术分析

风光互补发电技术可以将风能和太阳光能这两种应用最为广泛的可再生能源转变成电能,是当前节能减排时代的一个重要能源利用方向和发展方向。在风光互补发电系统控制技术应用的过程中,需要使系统保持在稳定安全的运行状态,提高设备和系统的运行效率与运行质量,从而保证发电系统功能的有效发挥。论文主要针对风光互补发电系统控制技术进行探究。     

国企分类改革下国有出资人模式的重构

分类改革是我国此轮国企改革的核心。要实现分类改革的目标，必须对关乎国企管理体制的国有出资人模式进行重新审视。我国国有出资人模式主要有集权模式和分权模式两种。但无论是以国资委为代表的集权出资模式，还是以行业或地域为标准的分权出资模式，其主要缺陷在于没有回应国企分类改革的要求，没有区分商业类国企与公益类国企而分别构建出资人制度。实际上，在国企分类改革下，有必要确立集权模式与双重模式并行的混合出资人模式。针对商业类国企采国资委集权出资模式，由国资委专司“管资本”，剥离其监管企业的职能；而针对公益类国企采功能双重出资模式，由多个部门分工协作，既“管资本”也“管企业”，实现有效监管的职能。     

Demands or Resources? The Relationship Between HR Practices,Employee Engagement,and Emotional Exhaustion Within a Hybrid Model of Employment Relations

This article explores the ways in which employees may experience and respond to tensions inherent in the mix of potentially conflicting human resource (HR) practices that compose hybrid models of employment relations. By drawing on the job demands–resources (JD‐R) literature and viewing HR practices as “demands” and “resources,” we explore the impact of performance management and employee voice practices on employee well‐being, as exemplified by engagement and emotional exhaustion, in a large public‐sector organization in Ireland. Our findings suggest that employee voice mechanisms may act as a resource in both enhancing engagement and in counterbalancing the demands presented by a performance management system, thus reducing the deleterious effects of emotional exhaustion. Our study extends understanding of hybrid models of human resource management (HRM) and of the ways in which employees manage the contradictory signals that such models may send in terms of performance expectations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

太阳能-生物质能-谷电蓄热联合供暖系统研究

为了提高多种新能源组合供暖的热效率,考察太阳能-生物质能-谷电蓄热联合供暖系统的供暖效果,利用TRNSYS软件中的TRNbuild模块对实验室进行供暖期内逐时热负荷仿真计算,以动态负荷为基础搭建太阳能与生物质锅炉联合供暖系统的TRNSYS 模型,并对仿真结果进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：7种运行模式及控制策略联合互补,实现了各单元在供暖过程中不同时段的协调控制,保证了联合供暖系统的稳定运行;联合供暖系统供水温度从40 ℃升高至60 ℃,其供热效率降低了11.08%,太阳能保证率降低了23.35%;集热器面积从20 m²增大到40 m²时,太阳能保证率增加25.99%,供热效率降低了2.11%;集热水箱容积从1.5 m³增大到4 m³时,太阳能保证率增加8.67%,供热效率增加了4.31%;系统平均供热效率实验值与模拟值误差为4.29%,平均供热指标实验值与模拟值误差为6.15%;联合供暖系统测试日平均温度为19.76 ℃,能够达到寒冷地区冬季供暖室内温度18~24 ℃的采暖要求。联合供暖系统具有良好的热舒适性,研究结果可为北方地区多源互补供热系统工程优化设计提供依据。